HIS 4527 (Fall 2003) Dr. J. Johnson

FROM FRANKENSTEIN TO BIOENGINEERING: Select Bibliography

[Note: some of these works may be technical, so check to see if they are suitable before using. Also note that the bibliography is SELECTIVE and will be further updated to include the most recent works. Suggestions for additions are welcome.]

1. GENERAL STUDIES, INCLUDING PHILOSOPHICAL AND GENERAL ETHICAL WORKS

Bryan Appleyard. Brave new worlds : staying human in the genetic future. (1998)

Pierre Baldi. The shattered self : the end of natural evolution (2001) [in print and online version]

Elsie L. Bandman & Bertran B. Bandman, eds. BIOETHICS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A READER FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS (Boston, 1978)

T. L. Beauchamp & L. Walters (eds.). CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN BIOETHICS

Biomedical Science and the Dilemma of Human Experimentation: Round Table Organized with the Assistance of UNESCO and the World Health Organization. REPORT (1968)

Bruce Bohle (ed.). HUMAN LIFE: CONTROVERSIES AND CONCERNS (1979) (reprints of popular press articles on various issues)

Thomas P. Carney. Instant Evolution: We'd Better Get Good at It (Notre Dame, 1980)

Ciba Foundation Symposium, London, 1966. ETHICS IN MEDICAL PROGRESS: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TRANSPLANTATION (Boston, 1966)

Ronald Cole-Turner. The New Genesis: Theology and the Genetic Revolution (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster/John Knox Press, c1993).

Marilyn E. Coors. The matrix : charting an ethics of inheritable genetic modification (2003)

Francis Crick. OF MOLECULES AND MEN (an attack on vitalism)

David L. Ellison. THE BIO-MEDICAL FIX (Medical sociology)

R. C. W. Ettinger. MAN INTO SUPERMAN

John H. Evans. Playing God? : human genetic engineering and the rationalization of public bioethical debate (2002)

Paul Flaman. Genetic engineering : Christian values and Catholic teaching (2002)

Joseph F. Fletcher. THE ETHICS OF GENETIC CONTROL (1974)

----------. HUMANHOOD: ESSAYS IN BIOMEDICAL ETHICS (1979)

Michael W. Fox. Beyond evolution : the genetically altered future of plants, animals, the earth--and humans (1999)

Margot J. Fromer. ETHICAL ISSUES IN SEXUALITY AND REPRODUCTION (1983)

Elizabeth Gasking. THE RISE OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY (17th - 19th centuries)

Loren Graham. BETWEEN SCIENCE AND VALUES (consideration of issues raised by scientific experimentation in general and the application of science to technology; are there legitimate limits to the incursion of science into human society?)

John Harris. Clones, genes, and immortality : ethics and the genetic revolution (1998)

Bernhard Haring. Ethics of Manipulation: Issues in Medicine, Behavior Control and Genetics (New York: Seabury Press, c1975).

Mae-Wan Ho. Genetic engineering : dream or nightmare? : turning the tide on the brave new world of bad science and big business (2000)

Ruth Hubbard and Elijah Wald. Exploding the Gene Myth: How Genetic Information is Produced and Manipulated by Scientists, Physicians, Employers, Insurance Companies, Educators, and Law Enforcers (Boston: Beacon Press, c1993).

David Hull. THE PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE (basic philosophical issues)

James M. Humber & Robert F. Almeder, eds. BIOMEDICAL ETHICS AND THE LAW (1976)

Maureen Junker-Kenny and Lisa Sowle Cahill, eds. The Ethics of genetic engineering (1998)

David G. Lygre. LIFE MANIPULATION: FROM TEST-TUBE BABIES TO AGING (1979)

Thomas A. Mappes & Jane S. Zembaty, eds. BIOMEDICAL ETHICS (1981)

Cosimo Marco Mazzoni. Ethics and law in biological research (2002)

Richard A. McCormick. HOW BRAVE A NEW WORLD? DILEMMAS IN BIOETHICS (1981) (a Jesuit perspective)

Nancy C. Ostheimer & John M. Ostheimer, eds. LIFE OR DEATH: WHO CONTROLS? (1976)

P. Ramsey. FABRICATED MAN: THE ETHICS OF GENETIC CONTROL (1970)

-------. THE ETHICS OF FETAL RESEARCH (1975)

-------. ETHICS AT THE EDGES OF LIFE: MEDICAL AND LEGAL INTERSECTIONS (1978)

M. J. Reiss & R. Straughan. Improving Nature? The Science & Ethics of Genetic Engineering (1996) A good overview, including both human and non-human genetic engineering (agriculture, etc.); notes refer to many 1990s sources that may not be listed here

Richard M. Restak. Premeditated Man: Bioethics and the Control of Future Human Life (1975)

Bruno Ribes. BIOLOGY AND ETHICS: Reflections Inspired by a Unesco Symposium (1978)

Erwin Schrödinger. What Is Life? (1944) (an extremely influential book by a quantum physicist asking about "other laws of physics" in biology)

Thomas A. Shannon, ed. BIOETHICS: BASIC WRITINGS . . ., rev. ed. (1981)

George P. Smith. GENETICS, ETHICS, AND THE LAW (1981)

Gregory Stock. Redesigning humans : our inevitable genetic future (2002)

Gregory Stock and John Campbell, eds. Engineering the human germline : an exploration of the science and ethics of altering the genes we pass to our children (2000)

Gordon Rattray Taylor. THE BIOLOGICAL TIME-BOMB (1968) (an influential book of the late sixties)

Allen R. Utke. BIO-BABEL: CAN WE SURVIVE THE NEW BIOLOGY? (1978)

Andrew C. Varga. THE MAIN ISSUES IN BIOETHICS (Catholic perspective)

Kenneth Vaux. BIOMEDICAL ETHICS: MORALITY FOR THE NEW MEDICINE (1974)

2. CLONING, EMBRYOLOGY, AND "TEST-TUBE" REPRODUCTION

Annette Baran and Reuben Pannor. Lethal Secrets: the Shocking Consequences and Unsolved Problems of Artificial Insemination (New York, NY: Warner Books, c1989).

Gena Corea. THE MOTHER MACHINE: REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES FROM ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION TO ARTIFICIAL WOMBS

Wilfred J. Finegold. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

Robert Francoeur. UTOPIAN MOTHERHOOD (artificial insemination)

The Gift of Life: the Proceedings of a National Conference on the Vatican Instruction on Reproductive Ethics and Technology, ed. Marilyn Wallace, Thomas W. Hilgers. (Omaha, Neb., 1990).

Gillian E. Hanscombe & Jackie Forster. ROCKING THE CRADLE: LESBIAN MOTHERS

Leon R. Kass and James Q. Wilson. The ethics of human cloning (1998)

Robert Lee and Derek Morgan (eds.). Birthrights: Law and Ethics at the Beginning of Life (London [England]; New York: Routledge, 1989).

Martha C. Nussbaum and Cass R. Sunstein, eds. Clones and clones : facts and fantasies about human cloning (1998)

Mary O'Brien. THE POLITICS OF REPRODUCTION (1981)

Jane M. Oppenheimer. ESSAYS IN THE HISTORY OF EMBRYOLOGY AND BIOLOGY (some of the most perceptive writing on the subject)

Gregory E. Pence. Who's afraid of human cloning? (1998)

Janice G. Raymond. Women as wombs: Reproductive Technologies and the Battle over Women's Freedom 1st ed. ([San Francisco]: HarperSanFrancisco, c1993).

Judith Rodin, Aila Collins (eds.) Women and New Reproductive Technologies: Medical, Psychosocial, Legal, and Ethical Dilemmas (Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum, 1991).

David Rorvik. IN HIS IMAGE: THE CLONING OF A MAN (1978--the book that raised all the controversy; probably a hoax)

Patricia Spallone. Beyond Conception: the New Politics of Reproduction (Granby, Mass.: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, 1989).

Patricia Spallone and Deborah Lynn Steinberg (eds.) Made to Order: The Myth of Reproductive and Genetic Progress, 1st ed. (Oxford [Oxfordshire]; New

York: Pergamon Press, 1987). (feminist critiques)

Hans Spemann. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND INDUCTION (1962; trans. & reprt. of 1938 ed., reporting on classic experiments)

Symposium on Legal and Other Aspects of Artificial Insemination by Donor (A.I.D.) and Embryo Transfer, 1972. LAW AND ETHICS OF A.I.D. AND EMBRYO TRANSFER

Victor Twitty. OF SCIENTISTS AND SALAMANDERS (a memoir of embryology from the 1920s to the 1960s)

U. S. Congress. DEVELOPMENTS IN CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment (1978) (the Rorvik case and politics) (For other responses to Rorvik, see the General Science Index, 1 (1978-79), under "Clones")

Mary Warnock. A Question of Life: The Warnock Report on Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Oxford, UK; New York, NY, USA: B. Blackwell, 1985).

Glanville L. Williams. THE SANCTITY OF LIFE AND THE CRIMINAL LAW (1957)

B. H. Willier & J. M. Oppenheimer. FOUNDATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL EMBRYOLOGY (reprints of classic papers by Roux and Driesch)

Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell, Colin Tudge. The second creation : Dolly and the age of biological control (2000) [a report by the team that produced Dolly]

3. REPLACEMENT PARTS: BIONICS, TRANSPLANTS, AND ARTIFICIAL ORGANS

Tetsuzo Akutsu. ARTIFICIAL HEART: Total Replacement and Partial Support (1975)

Terry Bahill. BIOENGINEERING -- Biomedical, Medical and Clinical Engineering (1981)

Roy Y. Calne. A GIFT OF LIFE: Observations on Organ Transplantation (1970)

Clark K. Colton. A Review of the Development and Performance of Hemodialyzers (1966)

A. D. Farr, "Blood Group Serology -- The First Four Decades (1900-1939), MEDICAL HISTORY, 23 (1979), 215-226. (development of blood transfusion)

David Fishlock. MAN MODIFIED: An Exploration of the Man/machine Relationship (1969)

Renee Fox and Judith P. Swazey. THE COURAGE TO FAIL: A SOCIAL VIEW OF ORGAN TRANSPLANTS AND DIALYSIS (2d ed., 1978; good survey of conditions at the time, with useful bibliography)

--------- and Judith P. Swazey, with the assistance of Judith C. Watkins. Spare parts: Organ Replacement in American Society (New York, 1992). (updating the earlier work)

George E. Fulford. AMPUTATION AND PROSTHESES (1968)

Lucien Gerardin. BIONICS (1968)

Lee Gutkind. MANY SLEEPLESS NIGHTS: The World of Organ Transplantation (1988) (includes historical perspectives)

Daniel S. Halacy. BIONICS: THE SCIENCE OF "LIVING" MACHINES (1965)

Jay Katz. CATASTROPHIC DISEASRES: Who Decides What? A Psychosocial and Legal Analysis of the Problems Posed by Hemodyalysis and Organ Transplantation (1975)

C. Don Keyes in collaboration with coeditor Walter E. Wiest. New Harvest: Transplanting Body Parts and Reaping the Benefits (Clifton, N.J.: Humana Press, c1991).

W. J. Kolff. ARTIFICIAL ORGANS (1976) (by the inventor of the artificial kidney)

Yuan Lebrun et al. THE ARTIFICIAL LARYNX (1973)

Donald Longmore. SPARE-PART SURGERY: The Surgical Practice of the Future (1968)

Catherine Lyons. ORGAN TRANSPLANTS: THE MORAL ISSUES (1970)

Deborah Mathieu (ed.). Organ Substitution Technology: Ethical, Legal, and Public Policy Issues (Boulder, 1988).

Mohinder Mital. AMPUTEES AND THEIR PROSTHESES (1971)

Francis D. Moore. GIVE AND TAKE: The Development of Tissue Transplantation (1964)

George H. Myers & Victor Parsonnet. Engineering in the Heart and Blood Vessels (1969)

Yukihiko Nose. THE ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY: A GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING . . . (1969)

Jane M. Oppenheimer, "Taking Things Apart and Putting Them Together Again," Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 52 (1978), 149-161. (On origins of tissue culture and organ transplants)

Thomas A. Preston. "The Artificial Heart," chapter in Diana B. Dutton, Worse than the Disease: Pitfalls of Medical Progress (1988)

J. S. Redding. LIFE SUPPORT: THE ESSENTIALS (1977)

David Rorvik. AS MAN BECOMES MACHINE: THE EVOLUTION OF THE CYBORG (1971)

Harold M. Schmeck, Jr. The Semi-artificial Man: A Dawning Revolution in Medicine (1965)

May Sherman. ARTIFICIAL ORGANS: KIDNEY, LUNG, HEART (1965) (may be too technical)

H. J. Th. Thalen et al. THE ARTIFICIAL CARDIAC PACEMAKER: Its History, Development, and Clinical Application (1969)

Meredith W. Thring. ROBOTS AND TELECHIRS: Manipulators with Memory, Remote Manipulators, Machines Limbs for the Handicapped (1983)

THE TRANSPLANTATION OF ORGANS, special number of PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, 115, No. 4 (1971), 251-281. (Articles by Rupert E. Billingham, Herndon B. Lehr, Norman E. Shumway, & Thomas E. Starzl)

United States. Task Force on Organ Transplantation. ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION: Issues and Recommendations. Report . . . (1987) (official publication of the Office of Organ Transplantation in the Dept. of Health & Human Services)

Serge Voronoff. THE CONQUEST OF LIFE (1928) (early study of transplantation)

Fred Warshofsky. THE REBUILT MAN: THE STORY OF SPARE-PARTS SURGERY (1965)

Heinz Wolff. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (1970)

Bibliographies: See Fox & Swazey's bibliographies for a wealth of short article material, which may be further supplemented by the General Science Index for recent works; also Carolyn H. Thompson. HUMAN ORGAN

TRANSPLANTATION AND PUBLIC POLICY (Monticello, Ill., 1985), covering newspapers, magazines, and similar materials from 1968 to 1984.

4. GENETIC ENGINEERING, BIOTECHNOLOGY, AND DNA

Elizabeth Antebi and David Fishlock. BIOTECHNOLOGY: STRATEGIES FOR LIFE (1986) (excellent survey for its time, though some weaknesses on social & historical issues)

Penelope Barker (ed). Genetics & Society (New York: H.W. Wilson, 1995).

Yvonne Baskin. The Gene Doctors: Medical Genetics at the Frontier (New York: W. Morrow, 1984).

Kurt Bayertz. GenEthics: Technological Intervention in Human Reproduction as a Philosophical Problem (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

Jerry E. Bishop & Michael Waldholz. Genome: the Story of the Most Astonishing Scientific Adventure of our Time--the Attempt to Map All the Genes in the Human Body (New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, c1990). (gee-whiz science)

British Medical Association. Our Genetic Future: the Science and Ethics of Genetic Technology (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).

Alan T. Bull, et al. BIOTECHNOLOGY: INTERNATIONAL TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES (1982)

Robert Bud, A HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (good general historical account)

BIOTECHNOLOGY: ECONOMIC AND WIDER IMPACTS (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, 1989) (the European competition)

BIOTECHNOLOGY: IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY. (Papers by Albert Gore, Jr., et al., 1985) (a Brookings Institution forum; oriented to legal issues)

Biotechnology and the Changing Role of Government (another OECD report, 1988)

Peter J. Bowler, "Hugo de Vries and Thomas Hunt Morgan: The Mutation Theory and the Spirit of Darwinism," ANNALS OF SCIENCE, 35 (1978), 55-74.

Nigel Calder. THE GREEN MACHINES (1986) (popular account of biotechnology)

Elof Carlson. THE GENE: A CRITICAL HISTORY (1966) (informative but somewhat technical on gene and chromosome theories, covers only up to mid-1950s)

Ira H. Carmen. Cloning and the Constitution: an Inquiry into Governmental Policymaking and Genetic Experimentation. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985).

Ruth F. Chadwick (ed.). Ethics, Reproduction, and Genetic Control. London; New York: Croom Helm, c1987.

Daniel Charles. Lords of the Harvest: Biotech, Big Money, and the Future of Food (2001)

Graham Chedd. THE NEW BIOLOGY (1976)

Jeremy Cherfas. MAN-MADE LIFE (readable and extremely informative on all aspects of recombinant DNA research to the mid-1980s, but ncessarily somewhat technical)

Necia Grant Cooper (ed.). The Human Genome Project: Deciphering the Blueprint of Heredity (Mill Valley, Calif.: University Science Books, c1994). (both technical and social)

Karl Drlica. Double-edged Sword: The Promises and Risks of the Genetic Revolution. (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, c1994).

Joseph Fiksel and Vincent Covello (eds.) BIOTECHNOLOGY RISK ASSESSMENT: ISSUES AND METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INTRODUCTIONS (1986) (a report to the Office of Science and Technology Policy in the White House)

The Genetic Revolution: Scientific Prospects and Public Perceptions. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, c1991.

Jeffrey N. Gibbs, Iver P. Cooper, & Bruce P. Meckler. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT: INTERNATIONAL REGULATION (1987)

June Goodfield. PLAYING GOD: Genetic Engineering and the Manipulation of Life (1977)

Stephen S. Hall. Invisible Frontiers: The Race to Synthesize a Human Gene. (New York : Atlantic Monthly Press, c1987).

John Harris. Wonderwoman and Superman: the Ethics of Human Biotechnology (Oxford [England]; New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).

Mahlon B. Hoagland. DISCOVERY: The Search for DNA'S Secrets (1981) (popular account)

Richard Hutton. BIO-REVOLUTION: DNA AND THE ETHICS OF MAN-MADE LIFE (1978)

Nils Roll-Hansen. "Drosophila Genetics: A Reductionist Research Program," JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY, 11 (1978), 159-210. (Morgan vs. Muller)

David A. Jackson & Stephen P. Stich, eds. The Recombinant DNA Debate (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, c1979). (focuses on social issues)

Horace F. Judson. THE EIGHTH DAY OF CREATION (a science journalist's account, based on extensive personal interviews, of the development of molecular biology from the forties to the seventies; long, but interesting)

Martin Kenney. BIOTECHNOLOGY: THE UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX (1986) (good historical analysis of the rise of biotechnology as an industry)

Daniel J. Kevles and Leroy Hood (eds.) The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992).

Sheldon Krimsky. Biotechnics & Society: the Rise of Industrial Genetics (New York: Praeger, 1991).

--------. GENETIC ALCHEMY: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE RECOMBINANT DNA CONTROVERSY (a thorough analysis, by a participant)

Marc Lappi. Broken Code: the Exploitation of DNA (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, c1984). (critical study by an environmentalist)

Thomas F. Lee. Gene Future: The Promise & Perils of the New Biology (New York: Plenum, c1993).

Joseph S. Levine. The Secret of Life: Redesigning the Living World (Boston, Mass.: WGBH Boston, c1993). (companion book to a public TV series)

Andre Lwoff & Agnes Ullmann, eds. ORIGINS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: A TRIBUTE TO JACQUES MONOD (1979) (collection of essays and reminiscences by participants)

Robert Olby. THE PATH TO THE DOUBLE HELIX (the best general historical account of the development of theories of DNA)

Franklin H. Portugal & Jack S. Cohen. A CENTURY OF DNA (1977)

Jeremy Rifkin. ALGENY (a popularized attack on Darwinism and speculations about the philosophical and social impact of genetic engineering; read with caution, but he has a useful bibliography for the early-1980s)

-------. Declaration of a Heretic. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985. (on nuclear weapons as well as genetic engineering)

Alan M. Russell, The Biotechnology Revolution: An International Perspective (1988) (development of U. S. and British guidelines for research safety in the 1970s)

SCIENCE WRITERS WORKSHOP ON BIOTECHNOLOGY AND THE HUMAN GENOME. Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1988)

M. Sussman et al. (eds.) The Release of Genetically-engineered Micro-organisms (London; San Diego: Academic, 1988).

David T. Suzuki. Genethics: the Clash Between the New Genetics and Human Values (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989).

Edward J. Sylvester and Lynn C. Klotz. The Gene Age: Genetic Engineering and the Next Industrial Revolution (New York: Scribner, c1983).

Nancy A. Tiley. Discovering DNA: Meditations on Genetics and a History of the Science (1983)

John Turney. Frankenstein’s Footsteps: Science, Genetics and Popular Culture (1998)

U. S. Office of Technology Assessment. MAPPING OUR GENES: Genome Projects; How Big, How Fast? (1988) (a report to the Congress)

James Watson & John Tooze. THE DNA STORY: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF GENE CLONING

Peter R. Wheale. Genetic Engineering: Catastrophe or Utopia? (Hemel Hempstead, England: Harvester Wheatsheaf; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988).

Tom Wilkie. Perilous Knowledge: the Human Genome Project and its Implications (Berkeley: University of California Press, c1993).

Christopher Wills. Exons, Introns, and Talking Genes: the Science Behind the Human Genome Project ([New York]: Basic Books, c1991).

Steven C. Witt. Biotechnology, Microbes and the Environment. (San Francisco, Calif.: Center for Science Information, c1990).

Edward Yoxen. THE GENE BUSINESS: WHO SHOULD CONTROL BIOTECHNOLOGY? (1984)

Raymond A. Zilinskas and Burke K. Zimmerman (eds.). The Gene-splicing Wars: Reflections on the Recombinant DNA Controversy (New York: Macmillan, c1986).

5. COMPUTERS, CYBERNETICS, ROBOTS, AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Igor Alexander. THE HUMAN MACHINE

Igor Aleksander and Piers Burnett. Reinventing Man: the Robot Becomes Reality (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1984, c1983).

William R. Arnold and John S. Bowie. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A PERSONAL, COMMONSENSE JOURNEY (1986)

Michael Benedikt (ed.). Cyberspace: First Steps (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, c1991).

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A DEBATE (articles by John R. Searle vs. Paul M. Churchland and Patricia Smith Churchland), in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN (January 1990; the Churchlands suggest that "neural-net" computers might become intelligent, synthetic brains)

D. A. Bell. INTELLIGENT MACHINES

Colin Blakemore and Susan Greenfield (eds.). Mindwaves: Thoughts on Intelligence, Identity, and Consciousness (Oxford, UK; New York, NY, USA: B. Blackwell, 1987).

Margaret A. Boden. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND NATURAL MAN (1977)

--------. The Creative Mind: Myths & Mechanisms ([New York, N.Y.]: Basic Books, c1991).

Vladimir H. Brix. CYBERNETICS AND EVERYDAY AFFAIRS (1967/8)

David Burnham. THE RISE OF THE COMPUTER STATE (1980)

Maureen Caudill. In our own Image: Building an Artificial Person (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).

H. M. (Harry M.) Collins. Artificial Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Machines (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, c1990).

Charles R. Dechert, ed. THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF CYBERNETICS (1966)

Manuel De Landa. War in the Age of Intelligent Machines (Swerve eds., New York: Zone Books, 1991).

Richard C. Dorf. COMPUTERS AND MAN, chs. 13-14 (pp. 383-436) (1976)

Hubert L. Dreyfus. WHAT COMPUTERS CAN'T DO.

-------. What Computers Still Can't Do: a Critique of Artificial Reason (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, c1992).

Christopher R. Evans. The Making of the Micro: A History of the Computer (1981)

Timothy Ferris. The Mind's Sky: Human Intelligence in a Cosmic Context (New York : Bantam Books, 1992).

Donald Fink. COMPUTERS AND THE HUMAN MIND

Grant Fjermedal. The Tomorrow Makers: a Brave New World of Living-brain Machines (New York: Macmillan, c1986).

David Freedman. Brainmakers: How Scientists are Moving Beyond Computers to Create a Rival to the Human Brain (New York: Simon & Schuster, c1994).

Guenter Friedrichs & Adam Schaff, eds. MICROELECTRONICS AND SOCIETY: A REPORT TO THE CLUB OF ROME (from the same organization that brought you THE LIMITS TO GROWTH; another controversial argument)

Neil Frude. THE INTIMATE MACHINE: Close Encounters with Computers and Robots

Howard Gardner. THE MIND'S NEW SCIENCE: A History of the Computer Revolution (1985)

Frank H. George. Cybernetics and Biology (1965) (living things as models for machines)

--------. COMPUTERS, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY (1970)

--------. MACHINE TAKEOVER: The Growing Threat to Human Freedom in a Computer-controlled Society (1977)

K. S. Gill (ed.). ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR SOCIETY (1986)

Herman H. Goldstine. THE COMPUTER FROM PASCAL TO VON NEUMANN (1972) (history by a participant in the making of the first electronic computer)

Keith Gunderson. MENTALITY AND MACHINES

Margaret Harmon. STRETCHING MAN'S MIND: A HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING (1975)

Harold E. Hatt. CYBERNETICS AND THE IMAGE OF MAN: A STUDY OF FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY IN MAN AND MACHINE (Nashville, 1968)

Steve J. Heims. JOHN VON NEUMANN AND NORBERT WIENER: From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death (dual biography of two founders of the modern era of computers and automation)

Andrew Hodges. ALAN TURING, THE ENIGMA (1983) (another founding genius of the computer age; a most complex personality)

Douglas Hofstadter. GÖDEL, ESCHER, BACH: AN ETERNAL GOLDEN BRAID (a fascinating, complex book)

P. N. (Philip Nicholas) Johnson-Laird. Human and Machine Thinking (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1993).

Trevor Jones, ed. MICRO-ELECTRONICS AND SOCIETY

Peter Laurie. THE MICRO REVOLUTION (1981)

Donald M. MacKay. BRAINS, MACHINES, AND PERSONS (1980)

Pamela McCorduck. MACHINES WHO THINK: A PERSONAL INQUIRY INTO THE HISTORY AND PROSPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (1979) (the best history of the subject through the 1970s)

--------. The Universal Machine (New York: McGraw-Hill, c1985).

Hans Moravec. MIND CHILDREN: THE FUTURE OF ROBOT AND HUMAN INTELLIGENCE (1988) (the book that bothered Weizenbaum; visionary account of the future)

Philip Morris & Emily Morris. CHARLES BABBAGE AND HIS CALCULATING ENGINES (the computer as designed in the mid-nineteenth century, before electronics)

John Von Neumann. THE COMPUTER AND THE BRAIN (1964) (seminal thinking by a man whose mind was often compared to a computer; not fully developed)

Roger Penrose. The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics (1989) (critique of AI; not as technical as it might sound, but must be read carefully to evaluate his argument)

---------. Shadows of the Mind: a Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).

Zenon W. Pylyshyn, ed. PERSPECTIVES ON THE COMPUTER REVOLUTION, Pts. II & III (pp. 155-501)

Edward Rietman. Genesis Redux: Experiments Creating Artificial Life (New York: Windcrest/McGraw-Hill, c1994). (on computer simulations of life)

William S. Robinson. Computers, Minds & Robots (Philadelphia, 1992).

Jerry M. Rosenberg. THE COMPUTER PROPHETS (1969)

Marie-Laure Ryan. Possible Worlds, Artificial Intelligence, and Narrative Theory (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, c1991).

Joseph F. Rychlak. Artificial Intelligence and Human Reason: a Teleological Critique (New York: Columbia University Press, c1991).

Kenneth Sayre. CONSCIOUSNESS

Robert J. Schalkoff. Artificial Intelligence: an Engineering Approach (New York: McGraw-Hill, c1990).

Roger C. Schank. Tell me a Story: a New Look at Real and Artificial Memory (New York: Scribner; Toronto: Collier Macmillan Canada; New York: Maxwell Macmillan International, c1990).

John R. Searle. MINDS, BRAINS, AND SCIENCE (1984; skepticism on artificial intelligence; possibly too glib)

Geoff L. Simons. ARE COMPUTERS ALIVE? EVOLUTION AND NEW LIFE FORMS (1983)

Joel N. Shurkin, "Expert Systems: The Practical Face of Artificial

Intelligence," TECHNOLOGY REVIEW, Nov/Dec 1983, pp. 72-78 (not too technical summary of the early-80s state of the art, with some historical background)

Alan M. Turing. Mechanical Intelligence (edited by D.C. Ince). Amsterdam; New York, Elsevier Science Pub. Co., 1992). (Turing's classic papers)

Joseph Weizenbaum. COMPUTER POWER AND HUMAN REASON: FROM JUDGMENT TO CALCULATION (1976) (a classic book by a programmer of human-like responses)

Norbert Wiener. CYBERNETICS: or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, 2d ed. (1965) (the book which introduced the basic concepts; somewhat technical)

---------. GOD AND GOLEM, INC. A COMMENT ON CERTAIN POINTS WHERE CYBERNETICS IMPINGES ON RELIGION (1964)

---------. THE HUMAN USE OF HUMAN BEINGS: CYBERNETICS AND SOCIETY (1954)

(this and the previous book are non-technical)

A. E. Wilder-Smith. THE CREATION OF LIFE: A Cybernetic Approach to Evolution (1970)

Ira G. Wilson & Martha Ann F. Wilson. WHAT COMPUTERS CANNOT DO

Harry Wulforst. BREAKTHROUGH TO THE COMPUTER AGE (1982)

John F. Young. CYBERNETIC ENGINEERING (1973) (may be technical)